Bundled Conductors in Transmission Lines

The combination of more than one conductor per phase in parallel suitably spaced from each other used in an overhead transmission line is defined as a bundled conductor. The individual conductor in a bundle is defined as a sub conductor.

Bundled conductors in transmission lines are commonly used to increase electrical capacity and reduce corona and radio noise at voltages above 200 kV.

Bundle conductors consist of several parallel cables connected at intervals by spacers, often in a cylindrical configuration. The optimum number of conductors depends on the current rating, but typically higher-voltage lines also have higher current.

Though the extent of corona and radio noise is impacted by elevation (air density), and other factors such as conductor surface condition and moisture, the bundle dimensions are the primary factor in mitigating the onset of the corona.

While increased aluminum content serves to reduce line losses and increase power flow, increased diameter also increases the conductor’s surface area. Bundling phase conductors can effectively do both with greater efficiency. 

Generally, bundled conductors are used at 200 kV or above and range from double bundled to six or even eight bundle designs.

American Electric Power (AEP), one of the first utilities in the US to build 765 kV lines currently uses a six bundle conductor design, while China has built 1,000 kV lines with 8 bundle conductors.

Bundled ACCC (Aluminium Conductor Composite Core) conductors have been utilized on UHV transmission lines due to their high strength and improved conductivity.

Advantages of Bundled Conductors

1. Electrical Benefits

The most important advantage of bundled conductors is its ability to reduce Corona. When power is being transferred at very high voltages using a single conductor, the voltage gradient around it is pretty high and there are high chances of formation of the corona, especially in bad weather conditions.

However, using several conductors instead of one in close proximity forming bundled conductors leads to a reduction in voltage gradient and hence the possibility of corona formation.

In addition to reducing corona, audible and radio noise (and associated electrical losses), bundled conductors also increase the amount of current that can be carried compared to a single conductor of equal aluminum content due to the skin effect (for AC lines).

Bundled conductors also lower reactance and reduce voltage gradients. According to Ohms Law, reduced reactance reduces the line losses.

Bundling of conductors leads to a reduction in line inductance. We know that inductance of a line is given by,

[latex] L= 2\times 10^{-7}\ln\left ( \frac{GMD}{GMR} \right )[/latex]

Where, GMD = Geometric mean distance
GMR = Geometric mean radius

By making bundled conductor, the geometric mean radius (GMR) of the conductor increased. As the self GMR of the conductor increases, the inductance of the conductor decreases.

For a single conductor of radius r,

[latex]GMR = 0.7788r[/latex]

For two-conductor bundle with distance d between the conductors,

[latex]GMR = 0.8825 \sqrt{rd}[/latex]

For three-conductor bundle with distance d between the conductors,

[latex]GMR = 0.92\sqrt[3]{rd^{2}}[/latex]

For four-conductor bundle with distance d between the conductors,

[latex]GMR = 1.02\sqrt[4]{rd^{3}}[/latex]

On the similar argument for the decrease in inductance of line, we can say that the capacitance of the line increases, as the capacitance of line to neutral is given by,

[latex] C= \frac{2\pi\epsilon_{0}}{\ln\left ( \frac{GMD}{GMR} \right )} [/latex]

Now since we have L decreased and C increased the net Surge Impedance (Z₀) of the line also decreases automatically.

[latex]Surge impedance = Z_{0} = \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}[/latex]

[latex]Surge Impedance Loading = SIL =\frac{1}{ Z_{0} }[/latex]

As the surge impedance gets reduced due to bundling the conductor, the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of the conductor gets increased. 

Hence using bundled conductors is an effective way of increasing SIL, i.e. Surge Impedance Loading. Finally, the increased surge impedance loading improves the transmission capacity of the system.

2. Structural Impact

Large conductors experience less increase in percentage tension compared to smaller diameter conductors when both are coated with the same radial thickness of the ice.

As the number of sub-conductors increases (with comparable aluminum content to a single conductor), ice loads increase measurably.

As the electrical attraction to a bundle with more sub-conductors increases, so increases the structural loads.

If a small conductor has a greater difficulty supporting a large ice load than a large conductor, there is a sag cost associated with more sub-conductors as well.

The cost-effectiveness of a bundle design and its component sub-conductors is a project-specific calculation.

3. Vibration in Bundled Conductors

Up-wind sub-conductors can create oscillation on down-wind sub-conductors by casting a wind shadow that is understood to affect the leeward sub-conductors up to 20 diameters away.

Aeolian vibration is generally less pronounced on bundled conductors due to the effect of spacers and/or spacer dampers installed at relatively close intervals along the line.

Increased tension on bundled conductors appears to decrease their tendency to create induced oscillation and galloping.

4. Short Circuit Events and Bundled Conductors

During short circuit events, an electromagnetic attraction between sub-conductors causes them to slap together, exerting compressive forces on spacers and spacer dampers, which induces bending stresses on the conductor at the interface of the spacers.

Conductor tension can also increase measurably (for a few milliseconds) on shorter spans. Spacers and their attachment methods must, therefore, consider these forces and be designed in such a way as to not damage the conductors or spacers.

It is recommended that elastomeric-lined clamps on all spacers and spacer dampers be used. Armor rods can also provide additional protection. 

At the exact location of a short circuit, a conductor’s aluminum strand temperature can jump substantially and nearly instantaneously. While it generally takes time for a conductor’s core’s temperature to rise.

The nearly instantaneous increase in strand temperature can cause localized bird caging in the aluminum strands of any conductor type.

While the ACCC Conductor’s core is much less thermally conductive than aluminum or steel, as with any conductor, in extreme cases a repair sleeve may be required to repair damaged strands. However, in most cases, any bird caging in the soft (previously annealed) aluminum strands will dissipate over a short period of time during thermal cycling.

While the aluminum strands may loosen slightly for some period of time due to such an event, unlike non-annealed conductors, no loss of overall conductor strength or loss of core integrity will occur.

Disadvantages of Bundled Conductors

The main disadvantages of bundled conductors are

• Increased ice & wind loading.
• Inspection more complicated, spacers required.
• Increased clearance requirements at structures.
• Increased charging kVA which may be a disadvantage at light loads.