Substation
How to Rescue a Person from Electric Shock?
If a person receives an electric shock, it is the utmost duty of the observer to rescue the person. The first step is to disconnect the person immediately from the
What is Switching Station? | Working and Layout
What is a switching station? A switching station is a substation that does not contain power transformers and therefore does not change system voltage from one level to another. Switching
Substation Bus Configuration / Scheme: The Definitive Guide
In this article, you will learn different types of substation bus configuration and their application. The equipment and buses installed in the substation switchyard are arranged and connected in specific
How to Test Percentage Impedance of Transformer?
This article covers transformer impedance testing, one of the acceptances tests for new transformers, and a method for routine testing. The results of this test should compare directly to the
Electrical Substation: Equipment, Types, Components & Functions
An electrical substation is an integral part of a generation, transmission and distribution system. A substation can interrupt or establish electrical circuit, change the voltage, frequency or other characteristics of
Transformer Bushing Types : RIP Bushing vs OIP Bushing
Transformer bushing types are categorized based on their material, manufacturing, and design mainly into the following types: OIP (Oil-Impregnated Paper) Bushing RIP (Resin Impregnated Paper) Bushing RIS (Resin Impregnated Synthetic)
Measurement of Three Phase Power | Wattmeter Methods
This article explains the measurement of three-phase power in star connected or delta connecter load using the wattmeter methods. The power in a three phase load can be measured by
Circuit Breaker Definition, Working Principle and Arcing Phenomenon
Definition A circuit breaker means the device which breaks (Open) the circuit under the abnormal condition and protects the system from hazards. The function of a circuit breaker is to isolate
4 Major Types of Electrical Substations
The assembly of the apparatus used to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, a.c. to d.c., frequency, p.f etc.) of electric supply is called a sub-station. The four major types
Current Transformer (CT) – Construction and Working Principle
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC current. It produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC
Ideal Transformer and Practical Transformer
Ideal Transformer An ideal transformer is one that has no winding resistance no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and
Properties of Good Transformer Oil
Even though the basic functions of the oil used in transformers are heat conduction and electrical insulation, there are many other properties which make a particular oil eminently suitable. Properties of good transformer
Why we need Power System Protection?
In this article, you will learn the importance of protection in the modern power system and why we need power system protection. It is fair to say that without discriminative
Introduction to Gas Insulated Substations / Switchgears (GIS)
Gas-insulated substations (GIS) have been used in power systems over the last three decades because of their high reliability, easy maintenance, small ground space requirement, etc. This article is an
Low Voltage Switchgear
As per IEC 60947, switchgears with rated voltages up to 1000 V ac and 1500 V dc are termed as low voltage switchgear. The term ‘switchgear’ is a generic term
Substation Earthing System Design
We have already given an introduction to substation earthing system in an article published earlier. Today we are going to discuss the design of substation earthing system. Before 1960s the
Transformer Oil Testing : Video Training
Transformer oil testing is just like a blood test in the human body. A blood test provides a doctor with a wealth of information about the health of a patient.
IEC 61850 – Features and Advantages
IEC 61850 is a standard for the design of electrical substation automation. It has been defined in cooperation with manufacturers and users to create a uniform, future-proof basis for the
Basic Relays – Electromagnetic Attraction and Induction Relays
Most of the relays used in the power system operate by virtue of the current and/or voltage supplied by current and voltage transformers connected in various combinations to the system
Solid State Relays (Static Relays)
What is a Static Relay? There are two basic classifications of relays – Electromechanical Relays and Solid State Relays (Static relay). One main difference between them is electromechanical relays have
All Day Efficiency of Transformer
The ratio of output in kWh to the input in kWh of a transformer over a 24-hour period is known as all day efficiency. The ordinary or commercial efficiency of
Primary and Back-up Protection in Power System
Primary and Back-up Protection Primary protection (Main protection) is the essential protection provided for protecting an equivalent/machine or a part of the power system. As a precautionary measure, addition protection
Stroboscopic Effect in Fluorescent Lamps
The Stroboscopic Effect in Fluorescent lamp is a phenomenon which causes running or moving equipment to appear stationary or appear to be operating slower than they actually are. Fluorescent materials
Load Forecasting – Purpose, Classification and Procedure
What is Load Forecasting? Electrical energy cannot currently be stored in large amounts. It has to be generated whenever there is a demand for it. It is, therefore, imperative for