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    Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

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    Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

    A course in circuit analysis is perhaps the first exposure students have to electrical engineering. This is also a place where we can enhance some of the skills that they will later need as they learn how to design.

    An important part of this book is our 121 design a problem problems.

    These problems were developed to enhance skills that are an important part of the design process. We know it is not possible to fully develop a student’s design skills in a fundamental course like circuits.

    To fully develop design skills a student needs a design experience normally reserved for their senior year. This does not mean that some of those skills cannot be developed and exercised in a circuits course.

    Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

    A very important advantage to our textbook, we have a total of 2,481 Examples, Practice Problems, Review Questions, and End-of-Chapter Problems! Answers are provided for all practice problems and the odd numbered end-of-chapter problems.

    Watch Electrical Circuit Analysis Video Course for FREE

    Table of Contents

    • Contents of Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
      • PART 1 : DC Circuits
      • PART 2 : AC Circuits
      • PART 3 Advanced Circuit Analysis
    • Objective of this Book
    • Organization of this Book
      • Download
      • Related Articles

    Contents of Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

    PART 1 : DC Circuits

    Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 
    1.1 Introduction 4
    1.2 Systems of Units 5
    1.3 Charge and Current 6
    1.4 Voltage 9
    1.5 Power and Energy 10
    1.6 Circuit Elements 14
    1.7 Applications 16
    1.7.1 TV Picture Tube
    1.7.2 Electricity Bills
    1.8 Problem Solving 19
    1.9 Summary 22
    Review Questions 23
    Problems 24
    Comprehensive Problems 26
    Chapter 2 Basic Laws 
    2.1 Introduction 30
    2.2 Ohm’s Law 30
    2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops 35
    2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 37
    2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division 43
    2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division 44
    2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations 51
    Delta to Wye Conversion
    Wye to Delta Conversion
    2.8 Applications 57
    2.8.1 Lighting Systems
    2.8.2 Design of DC Meters
    2.9 Summary 63
    Review Questions 64
    Problems 65
    Comprehensive Problems 77
    Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis 
    3.1 Introduction 80
    3.2 Nodal Analysis 80
    3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 86
    3.4 Mesh Analysis 91
    3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources 96
    3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analyses
    by Inspection 98
    3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis 102
    3.8 Circuit Analysis with PSpice 103
    3.9 Applications: DC Transistor Circuits 105
    3.10 Summary 110
    Review Questions 111
    Problems 112
    Comprehensive Problem 124
    Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems 125
    4.1 Introduction 126
    4.2 Linearity Property 126
    4.3 Superposition 128
    4.4 Source Transformation 133
    4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem 137
    4.6 Norton’s Theorem 143
    4.7 Derivations of Thevenin’s
    and Norton’s Theorems 147
    4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 148
    4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems
    with PSpice 150
    4.10 Applications 153
    4.10.1 Source Modeling
    4.10.2 Resistance Measurement
    4.11 Summary 158
    Review Questions 159
    Problems 160
    Comprehensive Problems 171
    Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers 173
    5.1 Introduction 174
    5.2 Operational Amplifiers 174
    5.3 Ideal Op Amp 178
    5.4 Inverting Amplifier 179
    5.5 Noninverting Amplifier 181
    5.6 Summing Amplifier 183
    5.7 Difference Amplifier 185
    5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits 189
    5.9 Op Amp Circuit Analysis with PSpice 192
    5.10 Applications 194
    5.10.1 Digital-to-Analog Converter
    5.10.2 Instrumentation Amplifiers
    5.11 Summary 197
    Review Questions 199
    Problems 200
    Comprehensive Problems 211
    Chapter 6 Capacitors and Inductors 213
    6.1 Introduction 214
    6.2 Capacitors 214
    6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors 220
    6.4 Inductors 224
    6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors 228
    6.6 Applications 231
    6.6.1 Integrator
    6.6.2 Differentiator
    6.6.3 Analog Computer
    6.7 Summary 238
    Review Questions 239
    Problems 240
    Comprehensive Problems 249
    Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits 251
    7.1 Introduction 252
    7.2 The Source-Free RC Circuit 253
    7.3 The Source-Free RL Circuit 257
    7.4 Singularity Functions 263
    7.5 Step Response of an RC Circuit 271
    7.6 Step Response of an RL Circuit 278
    7.7 First-Order Op Amp Circuits 282
    7.8 Transient Analysis with PSpice 287
    7.9 Applications 291
    7.9.1 Delay Circuits
    7.9.2 Photoflash Unit
    7.9.3 Relay Circuits
    7.9.4 Automobile Ignition Circuit
    7.10 Summary 297
    Review Questions 298
    Problems 299
    Comprehensive Problems 309
    Chapter 8 Second-Order Circuits 311
    8.1 Introduction 312
    8.2 Finding Initial and Final Values 313
    8.3 The Source-Free Series
    RLC Circuit 317
    8.4 The Source-Free Parallel
    RLC Circuit 324
    8.5 Step Response of a Series RLC
    Circuit 329
    8.6 Step Response of a Parallel RLC
    Circuit 334
    8.7 General Second-Order Circuits 337
    8.8 Second-Order Op Amp Circuits 342
    8.9 PSpice Analysis of RLC Circuits 344
    8.10 Duality 348
    8.11 Applications 351
    8.11.1 Automobile Ignition System
    8.11.2 Smoothing Circuits
    8.12 Summary 354
    Review Questions 355
    Problems 356
    Comprehensive Problems 365

     

    PART 2 : AC Circuits

    Chapter 9 Sinusoids and Phasors 
    9.1 Introduction 368
    9.2 Sinusoids 369
    9.3 Phasors 374
    9.4 Phasor Relationships for
    Circuit Elements 383
    9.5 Impedance and Admittance 385
    9.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency
    Domain 387
    9.7 Impedance Combinations 388
    9.8 Applications 394
    9.8.1 Phase-Shifters
    9.8.2 AC Bridges
    9.9 Summary 400
    Review Questions 401
    Problems 401
    Comprehensive Problems 409
    Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 
    10.1 Introduction 412
    10.2 Nodal Analysis 412
    10.3 Mesh Analysis 415
    10.4 Superposition Theorem 419
    10.5 Source Transformation 422
    10.6 Thevenin and Norton
    Equivalent Circuits 424
    10.7 Op Amp AC Circuits 429
    10.8 AC Analysis Using PSpice 431
    10.9 Applications 435
    10.9.1 Capacitance Multiplier
    10.9.2 Oscillators
    10.10 Summary 439
    Review Questions 439
    Problems 441
    Chapter 11 AC Power Analysis 
    11.1 Introduction 456
    11.2 Instantaneous and Average Power 456
    11.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer 462
    11.4 Effective or RMS Value 465
    11.5 Apparent Power and
    Power Factor 468
    11.6 Complex Power 471
    11.7 Conservation of AC Power 475
    11.8 Power Factor Correction 479
    11.9 Applications 481
    11.9.1 Power Measurement
    11.9.2 Electricity Consumption Cost
    11.10 Summary 486
    Review Questions 488
    Problems 488
    Comprehensive Problems 498
    Chapter 12 Three-Phase Circuits 
    12.1 Introduction 502
    12.2 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 503
    12.3 Balanced Wye-Wye Connection 507
    12.4 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection 510
    12.5 Balanced Delta-Delta
    Connection 512
    12.6 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection 514
    12.7 Power in a Balanced System 517
    12.8 Unbalanced Three-Phase
    Systems 523
    12.9 PSpice for Three-Phase Circuits 527
    12.10 Applications 532
    12.10.1 Three-Phase Power Measurement
    12.10.2 Residential Wiring
    Chapter 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 
    13.1 Introduction 554
    13.2 Mutual Inductance 555
    13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit 562
    13.4 Linear Transformers 565
    13.5 Ideal Transformers 571
    13.6 Ideal Autotransformers 579
    13.7 Three-Phase Transformers 582
    13.8 PSpice Analysis of Magnetically
    Coupled Circuits 584
    13.9 Applications 589
    13.9.1 Transformer as an Isolation Device
    13.9.2 Transformer as a Matching Device
    13.9.3 Power Distribution
    13.10 Summary 595
    Review Questions 596
    Problems 597
    Comprehensive Problems 609
    Chapter 14 Frequency Response
    14.1 Introduction 612
    14.2 Transfer Function 612
    14.3 The Decibel Scale 615
    14.4 Bode Plots 617
    14.5 Series Resonance 627
    14.6 Parallel Resonance 632
    14.7 Passive Filters 635
    14.7.1 Low-Pass Filter
    14.7.2 High-Pass Filter
    14.7.3 Band-Pass Filter
    14.7.4 Band-Stop Filter
    14.8 Active Filters 640
    14.8.1 First-Order Low-Pass Filter
    14.8.2 First-Order High-Pass Filter
    14.8.3 Band-Pass Filter
    14.8.4 Band-Reject (or Notch) Filter
    14.9 Scaling 646
    14.9.1 Magnitude Scaling
    14.9.2 Frequency Scaling
    14.9.3 Magnitude and Frequency Scaling

    PART 3 Advanced Circuit Analysis

    Chapter 15 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 
    15.1 Introduction 674
    15.2 Definition of the Laplace Transform 675
    15.3 Properties of the Laplace Transform 677
    15.4 The Inverse Laplace Transform 688
    15.4.1 Simple Poles
    15.4.2 Repeated Poles
    15.4.3 Complex Poles
    15.5 The Convolution Integral 695
    15.6 Application to Integro differential Equations 703
    15.7 Summary 706
    Review Questions 706
    Problems 707
    Chapter 16 Applications of the Laplace Transform 
    16.1 Introduction 714
    16.2 Circuit Element Models 715
    16.3 Circuit Analysis 720
    16.4 Transfer Functions 724
    16.5 State Variables 728
    16.6 Applications 735
    16.6.1 Network Stability
    16.6.2 Network Synthesis
    16.7 Summary 743
    Review Questions 744
    Problems 745
    Comprehensive Problems 756
    Chapter 17 The Fourier Series 757
    17.1 Introduction 758
    17.2 Trigonometric Fourier Series 759
    17.3 Symmetry Considerations 766
    17.3.1 Even Symmetry
    17.3.2 Odd Symmetry
    17.3.3 Half-Wave Symmetry
    17.4 Circuit Applications 776
    17.5 Average Power and RMS Values 780
    17.6 Exponential Fourier Series 783
    17.7 Fourier Analysis with PSpice 789
    17.7.1 Discrete Fourier Transform
    17.7.2 Fast Fourier Transform
    17.8 Applications 795
    17.8.1 Spectrum Analyzers
    17.8.2 Filters
    17.9 Summary 798
    Review Questions 800
    Problems 800
    Comprehensive Problems 809
    Chapter 18 Fourier Transform 811
    18.1 Introduction 812
    18.2 Definition of the Fourier Transform 812
    18.3 Properties of the Fourier
    Transform 818
    18.4 Circuit Applications 831
    18.5 Parseval’s Theorem 834
    18.6 Comparing the Fourier and
    Laplace Transforms 837
    18.7 Applications 838
    18.7.1 Amplitude Modulation
    18.7.2 Sampling
    18.8 Summary 841
    Review Questions 842
    Problems 843
    Comprehensive Problems 849
    Chapter 19 Two-Port Networks
    19.1 Introduction 852
    19.2 Impedance Parameters 853
    19.3 Admittance Parameters 857
    19.4 Hybrid Parameters 860
    19.5 Transmission Parameters 865
    19.6 Relationships Between Parameters 870
    19.7 Interconnection of Networks 873
    19.8 Computing Two-Port Parameters Using PSpice 879
    19.9 Applications 882
    19.9.1 Transistor Circuits
    19.9.2 Ladder Network Synthesis
    19.10 Summary 891
    Review Questions 892
    Problems 892
    Comprehensive Problem 903
     

    Objective of this Book

    The main objective of the sixth edition of this book remains the same as the previous editions—to present circuit analysis in a manner that is clearer, more interesting, and easier to understand than other circuit textbooks, and to assist the student in beginning to see the “fun” in engineering. This objective is achieved in the following ways:

    • Chapter Openers and Summaries
    Each chapter opens with a discussion about how to enhance skills which contribute to successful problem solving as well as successful careers or a career-oriented talk on a sub discipline of electrical engineering. This is followed by an introduction that links the chapter with the previous chapters and states the chapter objectives. The chapter ends with a summary of key points and formulas.

    • Problem-Solving Methodology
    Chapter 1 introduces a six-step method for solving circuit problems which is used consistently throughout the book and media supplements to promote best-practice problem-solving procedures.

    • Student-Friendly Writing Style
    All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step manner.
    As much as possible, we avoid wordiness and giving too much detail that could hide concepts and impede overall understanding of the material.

    • Boxed Formulas and Key Terms
    Important formulas are boxed as a means of helping students sort out what is essential from what is not. Also, to ensure that students clearly understand the key elements of the subject matter, key terms are defined and highlighted.

    Margin Notes
    Marginal notes are used as a pedagogical aid. They serve multiple uses such as hints, cross-references, more exposition, warnings, reminders not to make some particular common mistakes, and problemsolving insights.

    • Worked Examples
    Thoroughly worked examples are liberally given at the end of every section. The examples are regarded as a part of the text and are clearly explained without asking the reader to fill in missing steps.
    Thoroughly worked examples give students a good understanding of the solution process and the confidence to solve problems themselves.
    Some of the problems are solved in two or three different ways to facilitate a substantial comprehension of the subject material as well as a comparison of different approaches.

    • Practice Problems
    To give students practice opportunity, each illustrative example is immediately followed by a practice problem with the answer. The student can follow the example step-by-step to aid in the solution of the practice problem without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. The practice problem is also intended to test a student’s understanding of the preceding example. It will reinforce their grasp of the material before the student can move on to the next section. Complete solutions to the practice problems are available to students on the website.

    • Application Sections
    The last section in each chapter is devoted to practical application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter. The material covered in the chapter is applied to at least one or two practical problems or devices. This helps students see how the concepts are applied to real-life situations.

    • Review Questions
    Ten review questions in the form of multiple-choice objective items are provided at the end of each chapter with answers. The review questions are intended to cover the little “tricks” that the examples and end-of-chapter problems may not cover. They serve as a self test device and help students determine how well they have mastered the chapter.

    Organization of this Book

    This book was written for a two-semester or three-quarter course in linear circuit analysis. The book may also be used for a one-semester course by a proper selection of chapters and sections by the instructor. It is broadly divided into three parts.

    Part 1, consisting of Chapters 1 to 8, is devoted to dc circuits. It covers the fundamental laws and theorems, circuits techniques, and passive and active elements.

    Part 2, which contains Chapter 9 to 14, deals with ac circuits. It introduces phasors, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, ac power, rms values, three-phase systems, and frequency response.

    Part 3, consisting of Chapters 15 to 19, are devoted to advanced techniques for network analysis. It provides students with a solid introduction to the Laplace transform, Fourier series, Fourier transform, and two-port network analysis.

    The material in the three parts is more than sufficient for a two-semester course, so the instructor must select which chapters or sections to cover.

    Sections marked with the dagger sign (†) may be skipped, explained briefly, or assigned as homework. They can be omitted without loss of continuity. Each chapter has plenty of problems grouped according to the sections of the related material and diverse enough that the instructor can choose some as examples and assign some as homework.

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