DC Ammeter : Construction, Working and Temperature Compensation
What is DC Ammeter?
A DC ammeter is the instrument used for measuring the direct current (DC) flowing through an electrical circuit and is connected in series to the circuit under consideration.
Construction of DC Ammeter
The construction of DC ammeter is similar to a galvanometer. The instrument has an internal resistance which should be much smaller in comparison to the resistance of the circuit. The basic movement of a DC ammeter is constituted by a PMMC d’Arsonval galvanometer. Thus, the basic construction of the DC ammeter remains the same as galvanometer.
The deflection of the pointer is in proportion to the current flowing in the moving coil.
Here, the maximum deflection of the pointer is produced by a very small current as the coil winding is very light and thin.
The large currents may destroy the coil winding. Therefore, to measure such large currents, the ammeter is provided with a resistor of very low resistance (generally less than 1 Ohm) and referred to as shunt connected in parallel to the instrument coil or meter movement. The shunt may be external or internal to the instrument.
The external shunt is made up of manganin or constantan.
The external shunt is made up of manganin or constantan with the low resistance. Whereas the internal shunt used with the basic movement is in the form of a constant temperature resistance wire encased within the instrument. However, more often external shunts are used to measure large currents.
When a large amount of current is to be measured, the major part of it must be bypassed via the shunt so that the dc ammeter does not get damaged.
DC Ammeter Calculations
The basic configuration of an ammeter circuit is shown below.
Here, Rsh represents shunt resistance and Rm is meter resistance (also known as coil circuit resistance or internal resistance of the movement)
From the figure above, we can say that the total current I is bifurcated into the meter current Im (also termed as full scale deflection current of the movement IFSD ) and shunt current Ish , such that, on summing the total current I is I = Im + Ish
Total Current, I = Im + Ish
It necessitates that the voltage drop across the movement and the shunt must be the same. Thus, the required shunt resistance Rsh can be calculated.
Since, [latex] V_{s h}=V_{m} [/latex]
[latex] I_{s h} R_{s h}=I_{m} R_{m} [/latex]
⇒ [latex] R_{s h}=\frac{I_{m} R_{m}}{I_{s h}} [/latex] (Eqn 1)
Here, we know that: [latex] I_{s h}=I-I_{m}[/latex]
Substituting the value of Ish from into Eqn (1), we get:
[latex]R_{s h}=\frac{I_{m} R_{m}}{I-I_{m}}[/latex]
Given the values of total current I, meter current Im , and meter resistance Rm , the value of shunt resistance Rsh can be calculated using the relation the equation. Further, the above relation can be modified as:
[latex]\frac{R_{s h}}{R_{m}}=\frac{I_{m}}{I-I_{m}} & \text { or } \quad \frac{R_{m}}{R_{s h}}=\frac{I-I_{m}}{I_{m}} [/latex]
[latex]\frac{R_{m}}{R_{s h}}=\frac{I}{I_{m}}-1 & \text { or } \quad \frac{I}{I_{m}}=\frac{R_{m}}{R_{s h}}+1[/latex]
Here, term I/Im represents the multiplying power of the shunt and is denoted by m.
Thus, equation can be written as:
[latex]m=\frac{R_{m}}{R_{s h}}+1 [/latex]
[latex]R_{s h}=\frac{R_{m}}{m-1}[/latex]
This equation is used to determine the shunt resistance of the circuit when the multiplying power of the shunt is known.
Note that if shunt resistance Rsh is 1 ohm and meter resistance Rm is exactly 99 ohm and the meter shows full scale deflection for a coil current Im = 0.1 mA.
Then, the scale should be calibrated as 100 × 0.1 mA = 10 mA to read at full scale.
Temperature compensation
The moving coil in a PMMC instrument is wound with thin copper wire whose resistance changes with change in temperature.
The errors are introduced in current measurements due to heating effect of the coil current which produces resistance change.
The swamping resistance is a resistor with zero temperature coefficient, put in series with the meter movement in an ammeter circuit.
A swamping resistance made of manganin or constantan with negligible temperature coefficient having resistance 20 to 30 times the coil resistance is connected in series with the coil and shunt resistance made of manganin is connected in parallel to the combination in order to avoid resistance changes with temperature.
Therefore, the current I flowing through the circuit divides in proportion between the meter and the shunt which does not change appreciably with change in temperature.
